Final answer:
Primary data measured by observation can include current behavior and visible traits like gender. Other provided options such as attitudes, motivations, and intentions aren't directly observable and require different data-collection methods. The responses to secondary questions revolve around the understanding and approach in psychological and sociological research methods.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of primary data that can be measured by observation is c. Gender and current behavior. When researchers use observation as a method, they look at visible traits such as gender and behaviors that are happening in the present. This excludes attitudes, opinions, motivations, social class, and intentions which require more in-depth methods such as surveys or interviews to accurately measure.
Addressing the secondary questions:
The actor-observer bias suggests we have more information about b. influences on our own behavior.
A symbolic interactionist would most likely use b. Participant observation as a research technique.
Regarding political opinion, options a. Race and b. Gender have both been shown to affect an individual's political opinion.
Normative political science questions can be answered through b. data and analysis.
John S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd mainly used b. Survey in their Middletown study.
The most immediate motivator of a historical event is typically the b. primary cause.
From a sociological perspective, factors like a. Gender and b. Class greatly influence a person's socialization.
Social psychology as a field is focused on d. situational factors.