Final answer:
In indirect observation, behavior is inferred from records of past behavior, which is also known as proxy-trace data. This method helps explain behavior and underlying cognitive processes and is a component of observational learning. It is essential to establish clear criteria and ensure inter-rater reliability to mitigate observer bias in research.
Step-by-step explanation:
In an indirect observation, we are inferring behavior through some record of past behavior. This is also called proxy-trace data. Instead of directly observing the behavior as it occurs, researchers use various artifacts like video recordings, written records, or other types of documentation that provide evidence of how individuals may have acted at an earlier time. These methods allow for the explanation of behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it without the need for real-time observation.
Observational learning is a key aspect of human development where individuals learn by watching and imitating others. For example, children often learn how to tie their shoes by observing a parent, or how to solve math problems by watching a teacher. However, observational research can be vulnerable to observer bias, which is why establishing clear criteria for recording behavior and ensuring inter-rater reliability are essential safeguards in research methodology.