Final answer:
The political system based on socialism is communism, where resources are managed by the public and goods are allocated based on community needs, but private property ownership is still allowed. After the American Revolution, republicanism was the system adopted. Meritocracy is considered the system allowing for the most social mobility.
Step-by-step explanation:
The political system based on socialism is communism. Socialism involves the public ownership and management of resources and the allocation of goods based on the needs of the community. In contrast to communism, socialism allows for the ownership of private property but delegates the control of basic resources to the collective management of the society, typically through governmental agencies. It can coexist with democratic processes as seen in democratic socialist systems.
After the American Revolution, the form of government that the revolutionaries turned to was republicanism. This system can be characterized by a focus on the citizens having a say in the government through elected representatives. The key characteristic of republicanism is that the head of state and the head of government are often the same person, elected from within a legislative body.
Regarding party systems, a current party system example is a multiparty system, which allows for multiple political parties to exist and compete for governance, unlike a single-party system that permits only one political party to rule.
Meritocracy is the system that allows for the most social mobility, as it is based on individual talents and achievements rather than inherited status or caste.