Final answer:
FDR's New Deal programmes and policies were pressured both by initial Supreme Court opposition and by economic advisors encouraging deficit spending as theorized by Keynes, resulting in a broader governmental role in the economy. Despite controversy, these actions led to gradual economic improvement and were bolstered by WWII demands.
Step-by-step explanation:
The policies and programmes implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), known as the New Deal, were designed to alleviate the economic challenges of the Great Depression. Critics questioned the expansion of the federal government's role, while key legislative proposals were initially overturned by the Supreme Court for overreaching presidential authority. Despite skepticism, FDR was pressured to revert to governmental intervention when the economy dipped again in 1937, emphasis on deficit spending pushed by advisors and influenced by Keynesian economic theories.
Supreme Court Challenges and Keynesian Economics Influence
The Supreme Court initially opposed several of FDR's New Deal measures, including those affecting federal relief and public works projects. Prominent programmes such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) faced criticism for government overreach. FDR's adaptation to these pressures, along with the adoption of Keynes's suggestions for deficit spending, ultimately allowed for additional funding and the prevention of further economic downturn. The resulting policies contributed to the slow revival of the U.S. economy, which was fully realized with the onset of World War II.
World War II added another dimension to the exercise of presidential power, most notably with Executive Order 9066 which led to the internment of Japanese Americans. FDR's actions during this time period reflected an overarching strategy to both recover from economic hardship and reassert the United States' position on the world stage.