Final Answer:
The major disorders that disrupt the filtration barrier include glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetic nephropathy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The filtration barrier in the kidneys plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Glomerulonephritis, characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, can disrupt the filtration barrier. This inflammation leads to increased permeability, allowing larger molecules such as proteins to pass through the barrier and be excreted in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome, on the other hand, is a condition where the glomerular membrane becomes excessively permeable, causing significant protein loss in the urine. Diabetic nephropathy, a complication of diabetes, involves damage to the glomerular capillaries, leading to increased permeability and impaired filtration. These disorders collectively contribute to the disruption of the filtration barrier, resulting in abnormal filtration and excretion processes.
In glomerulonephritis, the immune response triggers inflammation, damaging the glomerular capillaries. This damage alters the size-selective properties of the filtration barrier, permitting the passage of substances that are normally restricted. Nephrotic syndrome, characterized by proteinuria, results from increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
The loss of proteins such as albumin compromises the oncotic pressure, contributing to fluid retention and edema. In diabetic nephropathy, the prolonged effects of high blood sugar levels lead to thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and increased permeability. This compromises the kidney's ability to filter waste products and maintain fluid balance, contributing to the progression of kidney dysfunction. Overall, these disorders disrupt the intricate filtration barrier mechanisms, leading to impaired renal function and associated complications.