Final answer:
Max Weber characterized bureaucracies as having a hierarchy of authority, clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality, each contributing to the structured and objective operation of these organizations.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Max Weber, bureaucracies possess several defining features which include a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. These characteristics make bureaucracies highly structured and organized. The hierarchy ensures that there are different levels of authority, with each level having distinct roles and responsibilities. A clear division of labor refers to specialized tasks for each position, intended to improve efficiency and expertise. Additionally, bureaucracies operate on explicit rules; these are formal guidelines that dictate how every process should be conducted to maintain order and predictability. Lastly, impersonality in bureaucracies means that personal feelings or relationships do not interfere with decision-making, with the goal of treating all individuals and cases objectively to prevent favoritism.
While bureaucracies are often critiqued for being slow and inflexible, Weber's model sees them as a necessary and positive development for managing the complexities of modern society.