Final answer:
Neuroscience, particularly the study of neurotransmitters within Biology, covers the mentioned effects on behavior such as muscle action, memory, and increased arousal, with acetylcholine and dopamine being two primary examples.
Step-by-step explanation:
The subject concerned with muscle action, memory, increased arousal, enhanced cognition, and other mentioned effects on behavior is Neuroscience, a sub-discipline of Biology that studies the nervous system. These effects are typically associated with neurotransmitters, which are chemicals released by neurons to send signals to other neurons or cells in the body. For example, acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in muscle action and memory and is released by neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous system. Its release can lead to increased arousal and enhanced cognitive functions, such as attention and awakening.
Dopamine is another neurotransmitter often associated with the pleasure-reward system, influencing mood, sleep, and learning. Moreover, the interaction of neurotransmitters like glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is crucial for proper brain function and sleep regulation. Finally, the neurotransmitters released during stressful situations, such as exercise or excitement (e.g., epinephrine), can increase heart rate and blood flow, resulting in a physical boost and heightened awareness, which demonstrates their potential effect on behavior.