Final answer:
The belief that people have the right to disobey the government if the government fails to protect their natural rights is called the social contract.
Step-by-step explanation:
The belief that people have the right to disobey the government if the government fails to protect their natural rights is referred to as the social contract. The social contract is an agreement between citizens and their government, where citizens consent to be governed as long as the government upholds their natural rights. This idea was influenced by philosophers like John Locke, and is reflected in the Declaration of Independence, which states that it is the right and duty of the people to overthrow a government that fails to protect their rights.