Final answer:
soil formation begins with the accumulation of parent material, which is then transformed through numerous processes over time into various soil horizons.
Step-by-step explanation:
deposits of parent material must occur before soil formation can begin as they provide the necessary raw materials for developing the soil profile.
Soil formation is a complex process that requires a base of parent material from which to develop. The parent material can include various types of bedrock, river sands, glacial deposits, and more. It sets the stage for the soil's initial properties, such as texture, mineral composition, and nutrient content. Over time, through a series of biological, chemical, and physical processes, this material is transformed into soil. The process includes weathering, which breaks down the parent material; biological activity, which contributes organic matter; and horizon development, differentiating the layers of soil. Additionally, other factors like climate, organisms present, relief (topography), and time play crucial roles in shaping the soil. Climate affects weathering and decomposition rates, while living organisms contribute to the organic content and structure of the soil. Relief impacts water drainage and erosion, which both alter the soil's characteristics. Time allows these processes to act, with significant soil development sometimes taking thousands to millions of years. Soil profiles become deeper and more pronounced over time, reflecting the gradual change from original parent material to a distinct soil structure with various horizons.