Final answer:
Memory interference, which includes proactive and retroactive types, occurs when conflicting information prevents the recall of a memory. Effective strategies like rehearsal and mnemonic devices help in improving memory retention and retrieval despite interference.
Step-by-step explanation:
Memory interference occurs when competing information disrupts the ability to recall something. The two main types of interference are proactive interference and retroactive interference. Proactive occurs when past memories impede the recall of new information, such as forgetting a new phone number due to the automatic recall of an old one. Retroactive interference transpires when new learning hinders the ability to remember old information, such as having difficulty recalling a once known fact after learning new, related information. Both forms of interference can cause forgetting, which is a natural part of memory's imperfections. To bypass these obstacles, strategies like using mnemonic devices, engaging in rehearsal, applying self-referencing, and ensuring adequate sleep can improve memory retention and recall.
In addition to interference, memory can fail due to encoding failure, where information is never adequately stored in long-term memory, making retrieval impossible. Effortful encoding, such as paying close attention and actively processing the information, is necessary to prevent encoding failure.
Knowing that memory is prone to errors and developing effective memory strategies can help minimize forgetting and enhance memory performance.