Final answer:
Dry-cell batteries are single-use primary batteries that cannot be recharged and have a standard voltage of about 1.56 V. Alkaline batteries, a type of dry cell developed in the 1950s, offer improved energy output but are mostly non-rechargeable and can leak. Both have limited lifespans and environmental implications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Dry-Cell Batteries
Dry-cell batteries, such as alkaline, mercuric-oxide, and zinc-air batteries, are categorized as primary batteries because they are designed for single use and cannot be recharged. The zinc-carbon dry cell, for instance, employs a zinc can as both the negative electrode and container, while the positive electrode is a carbon rod surrounded by an electrolyte paste that includes manganese(IV) oxide, zinc chloride, and other components. Despite the common use of dry cells, they have relatively short lifetimes and are composed of acidic materials.
In the 1950s, to enhance the performance of traditional zinc-carbon cells, alkaline batteries were developed. These batteries utilize alkaline electrolytes such as potassium hydroxide and can offer three to five times the energy output compared to their zinc-carbon counterparts. However, they are prone to leakage and most alkaline batteries on the market are not rechargeable, although there are some exceptions. Alkaline batteries, just like dry cells, have a standard voltage of about 1.56 V.
While both types of batteries are very common, it's important to recognize their limitations, including their disposability and environmental impact, leading to increased interest in rechargeable and more eco-friendly options.