Final answer:
To inform a research proposal on how school discipline impacts academic achievement, a sociologist might utilize conflict theory, which investigates how educational practices affect social inequality. The notion of self-fulfilling prophecies and class differences, along with Peter L. Berger's perspective on social patterns, would add depth to understanding the topic.
Step-by-step explanation:
When constructing a research proposal on the impact of disciplinary actions like detention or suspension on student academic achievement, a sociologist might draw upon theories from functionalism, conflict theory, or symbolic interactionism. For this particular research topic, the work of a conflict theorist might be particularly relevant, as this perspective examines how educational systems maintain social inequalities. Conflict theorists argue, for example, that disciplinary actions in schools can perpetuate class differences and contribute to self-fulfilling prophecies where students adapt to the expectations placed upon them. Moreover, considering perspectives from the likes of Peter L. Berger could provide insights into how social patterns are recognized and how subjective meaning shapes responses to socialization in educational settings.
Drawing from these theories could help formulate hypotheses about how punitive measures within schools affect students differentially based on socioeconomic status, race, and other intersecting factors. A sociologist could use this theoretical framework to better understand the potentially varying implications of disciplinary practices and to explore deeper the root causes and consequences of such actions on academic outcomes.