Final answer:
Enzymes are protein catalysts that a. require nonprotein cofactors or ions, have specific conformation for optimal function, are influenced by environmental factors, and lower activation energy barriers.
Step-by-step explanation:
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They have an active site that provides a unique chemical environment for the substrates to bind and undergo a reaction. Enzymes may require nonprotein cofactors or ions, such as zinc, to achieve optimal conformation and function.
The three-dimensional structure or conformation of an enzyme is crucial for its function. If the structure is altered, for example, by denaturation caused by extreme pH or temperature, the enzyme's function will be reduced or eliminated.
Enzyme function is influenced by physical and chemical environmental factors, such as pH and temperature. Enzymes have specific optimal conditions under which they work best. Extreme pH values and high temperatures can denature enzymes and affect their ability to catalyze reactions.
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy barriers. They achieve this by providing an optimal environment for the reaction and facilitating the breaking and forming of chemical bonds in the substrates.
Therefore, the correct answer is option e. All of the above are true of enzymes.