Final answer:
The defense mechanism where people ascribe their own unwanted traits to others is called projection. Projection and other mechanisms like reaction formation protect individuals from anxiety but can distort reality if overused.
Step-by-step explanation:
The defense mechanism in which people see in others the impulses that they most fear or despise in themselves is called projection. Projection involves attributing one’s own unacceptable desires and emotions to someone else. This is part of a range of unconscious psychological strategies, known as defense mechanisms, that are used by individuals to protect themselves from feelings of anxiety and guilt.
Reaction formation is another defense mechanism where a person responds to their true feelings or desires by exhibiting the opposite behavior. This attempts to mask whatever is causing them anxiety. For instance, someone who is struggling with their own sexual identity may act overly critical of others who openly display the same sexual orientation.
Defense mechanisms are considered essential parts of our psychological makeup that can protect the ego. However, excessive reliance on these can interfere with reality and personal growth. They operate without our conscious awareness and can significantly shape our interactions and relationships.