Final answer:
Substantive democracy emphasizes not only the existence of democratic institutions (like free elections) but also the actual practice of democracy in protecting and ensuring civil liberties, minority rights, the rule of law, and the active participation of citizens.
Step-by-step explanation:
Substantive democracy is a concept of democracy that goes beyond the mere procedural mechanics of democratic systems (such as free elections and majority rule) and emphasizes the inclusion of substantial principles of democracy, including safeguarding fundamental civil liberties, protecting minority rights, and ensuring that the rule of law is applied equally to all citizens. In substantive democracy, the focus is on the quality and depth of the democratic experience for individuals and society.
In order to achieve substantive democracy, systems need to have mechanisms in place that allow for the active participation of citizens in politics and civic life. This means that merely holding elections is not enough; the society and its institutions must function in ways that truly reflect the will and needs of the people. To this end, democratically elected leaders are accountable to the people, human rights and freedoms are protected, and there is an expectation that government operations produce beneficial outcomes for society as a whole.
Thus, a substantive democracy not only provides mechanisms for people to choose their leaders but also supports a society founded on the rule of law, where the equal rights of citizens and the fairness in the application of these rights are central. These values are routinely tested against contemporary issues to ensure the ongoing vitality and relevance of democracy.