Final answer:
Various medications including acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids are used to manage postoperative pain and anxiety, with choices guided by the severity of pain and risk of side effects. Non-pharmacological interventions also play a supportive role in recovery.
Step-by-step explanation:
Postoperative pain and anxiety can be managed through various methods, including the use of prescription medications. For example, acetaminophen is often used for mild postoperative pain due to its low risk of serious side effects, while NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve moderate pain. Nonetheless, NSAIDs should be used with caution to prevent risks such as gastrointestinal bleeding. For severe pain, opioids such as morphine, oxycodone, or codeine (often combined with acetaminophen) can be effective. Opioids, however, are associated with the risk of addiction and are usually recommended for short-term use. In the context of surgery, general anesthetics like halothane or ketamine might be used for pain management, and postoperative care could include psychoactive drugs to manage pain without affecting consciousness. Beyond medication, non-pharmacological strategies including rest, ice, elevation, and gentle exercises are also important for pain and anxiety relief.