Final answer:
The most superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis, and within this layer, the stratum corneum is the outermost segment. The basement membrane connects the epidermis to the dermis beneath.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis. Specifically, the outermost layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum, which is composed of dead cells that shed periodically. This layer is replaced by cells from the basal layer, known as the stratum basale, which is the deepest layer of the epidermis and attaches to the dermis via the basement membrane. Below the epidermis is the dermis, followed by the subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis, which is primarily composed of fat.
The basement membrane serves as the interface between the epidermis and the dermis, anchoring the two together. It is not visible and is located beneath the stratum basale. The dermis contains blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other structures, while the hypodermis attaches the dermis to underlying bone and muscle and provides nourishment to the dermis.