Final answer:
Out of the options provided, Social Darwinism does not represent a management strategy used by John D. Rockefeller. While it was an influential concept at the time, it is not a specific business strategy like horizontal integration, vertical integration, or the holding company model.
Step-by-step explanation:
The management strategies employed by John D. Rockefeller during the build-up of his business empire included innovative approaches for that time. Let's consider the options given:
- Horizontal integration: This refers to the process of a company increasing its production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. An example of this is when a company buys out or merges with its competitors.
- Vertical integration: This involves taking control of multiple levels of the supply chain, from raw materials to the manufacture and distribution of the finished product. This strategy helps to reduce costs and improve efficiencies.
- The holding company model: A holding company is an entity created to buy and own the shares of other companies, which it then controls.
However, Social Darwinism is a concept that was used to justify certain political, social, or economic views and is not a business strategy itself. It refers to the idea that certain people or businesses are naturally better suited to survive and thrive in the market, an idea that was indeed influential at the time but does not represent a concrete strategy like the others listed.