Final answer:
Catholics were appointed as government officials and recruited into the army by different figures or entities in various historical contexts such as Germany in the 19th century, Western Europe during the Reformation, and France in the 17th century.
Step-by-step explanation:
In various historical contexts, Catholics were appointed as government officials and recruited into the army by different figures or entities. Here are a few examples:
- In Germany, in the late 19th century, Otto von Bismarck implemented anti-Catholic measures that aimed to weaken the influence of the Catholic Church. These measures involved state indoctrination of priests, recognition of only civil marriages, and expulsion of priests who opposed the anti-Catholic measures.
- In Western Europe during the 16th century, the Reformation movement led to power struggles between the Catholic Church and rulers of nation-states. Many rulers sought to weaken the power of the Pope and increase their own authority.
- In France in the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu appointed Catholics as government officials and recognized Franco-Indian partnerships in an effort to expand French influence.