Final answer:
A latex allergy is caused by an immune system reaction where IgE antibodies developed after initial exposure to latex promote hypersensitivity. On later contact, mast cells release histamines, leading to allergic symptoms. Over-cleanliness in developed countries might contribute to the increasing prevalence of such allergies.
Step-by-step explanation:
Physiological Explanation for Latex Allergy
The physiological explanation for a latex allergy involves the immune system reacting to latex as though it is a harmful substance. This reaction is a type of immediate hypersensitivity response, in which the body produces antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE). During a person's first exposure to latex, their immune system identifies latex as a potential allergen and prompts antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to stimulate T cells, which then activate B cells. These B cells produce IgE antibodies that bind to mast cells located in connective tissues, a process called sensitization. On subsequent exposure to latex, the IgE on mast cells recognizes and binds to the latex proteins, triggering mast cells to release inflammatory chemicals like histamine. These chemicals cause symptoms such as itching, swelling, and in severe cases, anaphylactic shock, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with epinephrine.
Factors such as the hygiene hypothesis suggest an increase in allergies in developed countries may be due to overly sterile environments that reduce our exposure to pathogens our immune systems evolved to combat, resulting in misdirected responses towards harmless substances like latex.