Final answer:
A preterm infant is most susceptible to developing Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), caused by insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant, necessary for lung inflation at birth, which can lead to serious complications if not immediately treated.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nurse understands that a preterm infant is at greatest risk for developing Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). This condition is notably prevalent in infants born prematurely, especially those born between 26 to 31 weeks of gestation. The issue arises due to inadequate production of pulmonary surfactant, essential for lung inflation at birth. Without sufficient surfactant, dyspnea occurs, and effective gas exchange is impaired, leading to low blood oxygen levels and elevated blood carbon dioxide levels and pH. Prompt recognition and treatment of RDS are critical to prevent further complications and death.
Several factors increase the risk of RDS, including gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, being the second-born twin, and having a family history of RDS. The condition can also lead to grave sequelae such as septicemia or pulmonary hemorrhage, underlining the necessity for immediate clinical action when RDS is suspected in a newborn.