Final Answer:
The dehydration of microorganisms to inhibit or preserve them is called lyophilization.
Step-by-step explanation:
Lyophilization, commonly known as freeze-drying, is a process used to dehydrate microorganisms and other biological substances. In this technique, the material is frozen and then subjected to a vacuum, allowing the frozen water to sublimate directly from ice to vapor. This process results in the removal of water without damaging the structure or activity of the microorganisms. Lyophilization is widely employed in the preservation of vaccines, enzymes, and various pharmaceuticals, as it helps extend the shelf life of these substances by preventing degradation caused by water-induced reactions. The dehydrated state achieved through lyophilization inhibits microbial growth and biochemical reactions, enabling long-term storage.
In summary, lyophilization is the specific term for the dehydration of microorganisms to inhibit or preserve them effectively.