Final answer:
Poverty encompasses relative, absolute, and subjective poverty, leading to increased crime and negative health impacts. Ethnic conflicts and failed states contribute to civil wars and genocides, affecting nations' development. Crimes against humanity are severe human rights violations protected under the notion of sovereignty.
Step-by-step explanation:
The concepts of poverty, ethnic conflict, failed states, and crimes against humanity represent different societal and political challenges. Poverty, characterized by relative, absolute, and subjective poverty, leads to dire ramifications including increased crime rates and negative health impacts. Ethnic conflicts, often a result of historical precedents such as artificial colonial borders, can initiate civil wars and genocides, severely affecting countries' development. Failed states suffer from political instability, poor governance, and lack of public services, thereby exacerbating poverty and social unrest. Crimes against humanity, which occur when a state violates the basic norms of human dignity, typically manifest in acts such as genocide, ethnic cleansing, and other forms of mass violence, often protected by notions of sovereignty. For instance, poverty in Central American countries contributes to gang violence, as gangs offer a pathway for impoverished individuals to earn money. The extreme poverty rates highlighted in the World Bank's 2018 data show disparities that contribute to failed states, where corruption, economic mismanagement, and conflicts worsen the situation. Nations such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda have endured ethnic conflict and political instability, leading to dire consequences on economic growth and human rights.
Finally, the conception of state sovereignty can act as a barrier, preventing international intervention to address crimes against humanity, as observed in historical events like the Rwandan genocide and the Syrian civil war.