Final answer:
The rear layers of neurons in the eyeball consist of the retina, which includes rods and cones, and other cellular layers that process visual information before sending it to the brain via the optic nerve.
Step-by-step explanation:
The rear layers of neurons in the eyeball are referred to as the retina. The retina is composed of several layers, including photoreceptor cells such as rods and cones, which are sensitive to dim light and colors, respectively. These photoreceptors transform light into nerve signals that are processed by other cells in the retina before being transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
The retina has three main types of cells organized in layers: photoreceptor cells that detect light (rods and cones), bipolar cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The optic disc, where the optic nerve begins, is also part of the retina, and it is characterized by a lack of photoreceptors, creating a blind spot in the visual field.
Light first passes through the cornea and lens, which focus the image, and then through the retina's multiple layers, where it is interpreted as visual information before being sent to the brain by the optic nerve.