Final answer:
Informed consent involves informing participants about the study and obtaining their voluntary consent. Violations of informed consent include not fully informing participants or obtaining consent under duress. Examples of violations include offering incentives for participation and not disclosing important information about the study.
Step-by-step explanation:
Informed consent is a process that involves informing research participants about what to expect during an experiment, including any potential risks and implications. It also requires obtaining the participant's voluntary consent to participate. A violation of informed consent would occur if participants are not fully informed about the study or if their consent is obtained under duress or coercion.
For example, in the given scenarios, a violation of informed consent would occur in option a, where inmates are offered incentives for participation in a study. This violates the voluntary nature of informed consent. In option c, participants are not told that only some of them will receive the new medication, which is a violation of fully informing them about the study.
Understanding these violations demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the concept of informed consent.