Final answer:
In absence of segregation controls, management in small organizations or functional areas compensate with close monitoring. Primary groups use the strength of personal relationships and the intimate knowledge between members for informal behavior management.
Step-by-step explanation:
When small organizations or functional areas lack sufficient personnel, management must compensate for the absence of segregation controls with close monitoring. In primary groups, where formal mechanisms for control may not be established, the strength of personal relationships and the ability to closely observe and assess the actions of group members are key. Management in these scenarios often relies on the power to monitor for infractions and the capacity to provide suitable rewards and enforce appropriate punishments to manage collective action problems.
Primary groups characterized by closer ties and more complex relationships can help mitigate these issues through strong interpersonal connections that may dissuade negative behaviors or encourage compliance with group norms. In such settings, the intimate knowledge that members have of one another helps with monitoring and managing behavior informally.