Final answer:
The terms 'assembler value chains' and 'downstream value chains' are generally associated with lean production (choice A). They describe global supply chain and production processes where efficiency and specialization across countries, facilitated by advancements in technology, are emphasized. Option A is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Concepts such as "assembler value chains" and "downstream value chains" are typically associated with lean production, which is choice A. These terms relate to how companies organize and manage their supply chain and production processes. The global assembly line example given with Apple's Mac prototype is an illustration of an assembler value chain. Components are designed in one country, manufactured in several others, assembled in yet another country, and supported from a different location. This specialization allows each segment of the value chain to be fine-tuned and efficient, which is a key principle of lean production aimed at eliminating waste and improving value.
The trend toward splitting up the value chain in the international trade context emphasizes global distributor networks and the efficient coordination of operations worldwide. Improvements in communication technology, information sharing, and transportation have facilitated this global division of labor, exemplified by the iPhone's production stages taking place across multiple countries, making it easier for firms to focus on specific parts of the production process. These enhancements in global product assembly and distributor networks have revolutionized how companies think about their global marketing audit and the traditional assembly designs.