Final answer:
Abnormal learning during addiction is characterized by neuroadaptive changes in the brain's reward system, primarily caused by neurotransmitter imbalances such as dopamine. These changes result in fewer dopamine receptors and a loss of normal pleasure response, leading to increased substance intake and compulsive use despite adverse consequences.
Step-by-step explanation:
During addiction, we will observe an abnormal type of learning due to neuroadaptive changes in the brain's reward system. These changes are primarily influenced by neurotransmitter imbalances, such as altered dopamine (DA) action. Repeated exposure to addictive substances or behaviors result in neurochemical and neurocircuitry changes that potentiate compulsive use and weaken cognitive control. The presence of fewer dopamine receptors in addicted individuals suggests that the brain's ability to experience pleasure normally becomes compromised, necessitating increased substance intake to achieve the same effect.
Moreover, addiction represents a state where there is a loss of control over drug intake, and this compulsivity is reinforced through neuroadaptations at the molecular and cellular levels. Such adaptations include the dysfunctional interaction of key neural systems, leading to a pathological balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission circuits, resulting in persistent abnormal behaviors. These behavioral changes can lead to compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences.