Final answer:
In neuroscience research by Ghose and Maunsell, attention was found to be modulated in neurons in V4 through the activity of neuromodulatory neurons, with factors such as LC neuron activity and stress influencing this attentional process.
Step-by-step explanation:
The work of Ghose and Maunsell pertains to the field of neuroscience, examining how attention in the brain is a process that varies over time. In their experiment focusing on neurons in V4, the attentional modulation was observed as a dynamic process. This process is influenced by various factors, including the activity of neuromodulatory neurons. For example, locus coeruleus (LC) neurons can discharge in tonic and phasic modes to help regulate attention and overall behavior. Furthermore, these neurons, under conditions of stress or when influenced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), can shift towards a tonic mode, affecting attentional functions. Additionally, the influence of amygdala on the hypothalamic CRH release can modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which has further implications on attention and arousal mechanisms. It's essential to recognize the broader implications of these findings on understanding attention, cognition, and stress responses within the brain.