Final answer:
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus is responsible for processing most visual information coming from the eye, by projecting it to the primary visual cortex.
Step-by-step explanation:
The nucleus in the thalamus that processes most visual information from the eye is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). This nucleus is crucial in the visual pathway, as it receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and then sends projections to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
Information is separated into two distinct pathways within the LGN: the magnocellular and parvocellular layers that correspond to different aspects of visual processing. The former is related to motion and spatial awareness ("where" information), while the latter is associated with the finer details and color of visual stimuli ("what" information). After processing in the LGN, this information is conveyed to the visual cortex wherein higher-order visual processing occurs—such as perception and recognition.