Final answer:
The term for extremely large data sets which require analysis to identify patterns is Big Data. This requires advanced computing solutions and sometimes innovative approaches like citizen science to manage effectively.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that refers to the extremely large data sets that require computation and analysis to reveal trends is Big Data. This concept has become increasingly important across many fields, including business, science, and technology. One example of Big Data is the information recorded by the Sloan Survey, which generated over 15 terabytes of data, comparable to the content in the Library of Congress.
This data inflow rate was at 8 megabytes per second, necessitating advanced computer algorithms and supercomputer capabilities to efficiently sort and analyze the extensive information. Another aspect of handling Big Data is through citizen science projects like Galaxy Zoo, which leverage the power of crowd-sourcing to classify large datasets, such as those involving millions of galaxy images.