Final answer:
Much data collected is redundant or irrelevant due to ineffective analytics, poor research techniques, and the reduced cost of data collection, which allows for collection of excess data.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which factor helps explain why much data collected is redundant or irrelevant. Among the options provided, the most suitable explanations include ineffective analytics, poor research techniques, and the reduction in the cost of data collection. Ineffective analytics could result in the inability to properly sort through data and identify what is relevant, leading to a collection of unnecessary information. Poor research techniques could contribute to the gathering of data that does not accurately represent the population or scenario being studied, resulting in irrelevant data. Lastly, the reduction in the cost of data collection has led to scenarios where it's financially feasible to collect more data than needed, which can include redundant or irrelevant information.
Each research method, whether it be surveys, archival research, or longitudinal studies, has strengths and weaknesses that can affect the relevance of the data collected. It's crucial that researchers justify their selection of data (as per AP guideline 4.1) to ensure it is necessary for answering the specific scientific question at hand. Researchers must also be wary of statistical fraud or biases that may arise from omitting relevant data which can skew results.