Final answer:
The extent to which study findings apply beyond the specific context of the research is known as external validity, which is contrasted with internal validity, reliability, and salience.
Step-by-step explanation:
The extent to which conclusions drawn from a study generalize to a larger population or to different settings is referred to as external validity. This type of validity is essential for applying the findings of a specific study to the wider world. In contrast, internal validity refers to the extent to which a study is free from methodological errors, reliability focuses on the consistency of the results, and salience pertains to the relevance or importance of something within a specific context or subject area.
For your reference, the correct responses to the multiple-choice questions provided would be B for the first question on the extent to which study conclusions generalize (external validity), C for the second question on how well a study measures what it's designed to measure (validity), and C for the seventh question concerning the limitation of case studies in terms of generalizing findings (inability to generalize to the larger population).