Final answer:
Raphael utilized linear perspective, foreshortening, and chiaroscuro in his masterpiece, the School of Athens, to create depth and realism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Raphael's technique in the School of Athens encompasses the use of perspective, carefully composed architectural spaces, and realistic portraiture which harmoniously combine to depict the gathering of great philosophers and scholars.
In the School of Athens, we see an excellent demonstration of linear perspective, which adds depth and realism to the painting. The vanishing point centers around Plato and Aristotle, drawing the viewer's attention to them while also creating an illusion of space.
Raphael also used accurate foreshortening and chiaroscuro, techniques that enhance the three-dimensionality of figures. These methods were groundbreaking during the Renaissance and exemplify Raphael's mastery in portraying detailed figures within a convincing architectural space.
Furthermore, Raphael included figures such as Plato and Aristotle at the heart of the composition and used color to differentiate them.
The depiction of other scholars, such as Pythagoras emphasizing mathematics, and the incorporation of ancient Greek gods, draws a connection between the classical past and the Renaissance present. The inclusion of a self-portrait of Michelangelo also exemplifies Raphael's admiration and recognition of his contemporaries.