Final answer:
Crystallized intelligence is the type of intelligence that involves applying knowledge gained from experience, and it is often assessed through tests of vocabulary and factual information. Developed by Raymond Cattell, this concept is distinguished from fluid intelligence, which deals with problem-solving and abstract thinking.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding the Types of Intelligence
The kind of intelligence used to apply knowledge acquired through experience, which is generally measured with tests of vocabulary and factual information, is known as crystallized intelligence. This form of intelligence encompasses the ability to learn, remember, and recall information. People routinely use crystallized intelligence when demonstrating mastery over coursework material. The theory of intelligence that explains this concept was proposed by Raymond Cattell in the 1940s and splits general intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid intelligence. Unlike crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence pertains to the capacity to see complex relationships and solve novel problems.
Intelligence testing began with Alfred Binet and was later refined by others like Wechsler, resulting in the modern IQ tests such as the WAIS-IV and WISC-V. These tests aim to measure varying aspects of intellect, including both crystallized and fluid intelligence. However, the validity of IQ tests and the degree to which they capture an individual’s true intelligence continues to be a subject of debate among psychologists and educators.