Final answer:
The human genome is made up of over 3.3 billion base pairs and 20,500 genes distributed across 23 chromosome pairs. The Human Genome Project mapped all this DNA and its genes, providing insight into genetic disease risks and research opportunities. The genome includes both coding and non-coding DNA, which play roles in regulation and cellular function.
Step-by-step explanation:
The human genome encompasses all the DNA within our species. This includes over 3.3 billion base pairs of DNA, which are organized into 20,500 genes across 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes, which are tightly wound and compacted within the nucleus of each cell. Among the DNA, there are also noncoding sequences, including intergenic regions that do not encode proteins but may serve regulatory functions.
In 2003, the monumental Human Genome Project (HGP) succeeded in sequencing all the DNA base pairs and mapping the genes within the human genome. This endeavor has not only provided a complete reference genome but has also opened doors for understanding genetic predisposition to diseases and advancements in recombinant DNA technology.
Human DNA is often likened to a molecular spiral staircase, known as a double helix. The organization of these chromosomes is essential so that specific segments can be accessed when required by different cell types.
It is important to note that the human genome does not only consist of the coding regions responsible for protein synthesis but also includes vast areas of non-coding sequences. The functional significance of these non-coding regions is an area of ongoing research, revealing complexities of genome regulation and evolution.