Final answer:
Thomas Paine's pamphlet 'Common Sense' characterized the British government as failing in its duty to the American colonies, advocating for the notion of equality and self-governance. He saw Loyalists as a problem for hindering the adoption of these revolutionary ideas. This characterization served his purpose by rallying support for independence and laying the groundwork for a democratic form of government.
Step-by-step explanation:
The characterization of England's government presented by Thomas Paine in his pamphlet addressed several topics which were pivotal to stoke the flames of revolution. Paine focused on the government's duty to the people, the failings of the British government to meet the needs of the colonies, and the dismissal of the idea of a hereditary monarchy. He promoted the concept that a government is established by the consent of the governed, and when it becomes destructive, it is the right of the people to abolish it.
Paine's pamphlet 'Common Sense' aimed to illuminate the inherent equality of humans, question the necessity of a king, and propose the idea of self-governance through a republic. This characterization of the British government served Paine's higher purpose by laying the ideological foundation for American independence, rallying the colonists to the revolutionary cause, and forming the philosophical underpinnings of a new government based on democratic principles.
Regarding Tories, or Loyalists, Paine considered them a problem because they were seen as obstructive to the burgeoning revolutionary spirit. They represented a segment of the population that clung to the old system of monarchy, thereby posing a challenge to the adoption of republican ideals and the unity needed for the colonies to function as an independent, self-governing entity.