Final answer:
The Harappan system likely consisted of independent city-states with a hierarchical class system, whereas the Aryan system was tribal, organized by family connections, and a rigid caste hierarchy with the Brahman and Kshatriya at the apex.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Aryan and Harappan systems of government were distinctly different. The Harappan system, which emerged from the Indus Valley civilization, may have been organized as a collection of independent city-states or functioned with few large cities acting as regional capitals. There appears to have been a form of administrative order, as indicated by the sophisticated, consistent city planning in sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. This civilization managed complexity likely through a hierarchical class system presided over by religious specialists.
In contrast, the Aryan system of government was based on a tribal structure and a rigid social caste system that emerged with their Vedic religion. Leadership often revolved around family connections and tribal chiefs, with a society divided into classes where the Brahmans and Kshatriya held the highest authority. It was not characterized by a single, strong, centralized government but more so by linked kinships and a social hierarchy affirmed by religious doctrine.
In summary, the major differences lay in the Harappan's unknown centralized system and the Aryan's kinship-based hierarchical system. Hence, the correct answer to the question is option d: The Aryan system was based mostly on family connections.