Final answer:
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck introduced the idea of acquired characteristics, Carl Linnaeus is credited with the development of modern taxonomy, and the term 'biology' was first used by Michael Christoph Hanow and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus. The term 'invertebrates' does not have a definitive single coiner.
Step-by-step explanation:
The terms "biology," "invertebrates," and "acquired characteristics" were coined by different historical figures who made significant contributions to the field of biology.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the naturalist who introduced the concept of acquired characteristics. His evolutionary theory, although later discredited, proposed that traits developed during an organism's lifetime through use or disuse could be passed on to its offspring.
Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, is credited with creating the modern system of naming organisms (binomial nomenclature) and he laid the foundation of modern taxonomy. However, the term "biology" was not his invention. The creation of the term "biology" is attributed to multiple people, including Michael Christoph Hanow and Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, who independently used the term in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The term "invertebrates" was introduced to describe animals without a backbone, differentiating them from vertebrates, but it is not definitively credited to one individual.