Final answer:
Special events and festivals are considered projects because they are non-routine, time-bound, resource-limited, and aimed at creating outcomes tailored to meet specific client needs.
Step-by-step explanation:
Special events and festivals qualify as projects because they embody characteristics that are definitive of project management principles. Primarily, they are:
- Non-routine and occur at or over a specific period, making them unique and time-bound.
- Limited by factors like time, budget, and scope, necessitating detailed planning and resource allocation.
- Constructed with an outcome in mind that is designed to meet the client's specific needs, which could range from entertainment to education or celebration.
Therefore, the correct answer to why special events and festivals are considered projects is option 4: 'All of the above'.