Final answer:
According to Kohlberg's model, Lily's stage in cognitive moral development cannot be determined without knowing her reasoning behind a moral decision. The stages range from pre-conventional (self-interest) to conventional (social norms) to post-conventional (abstract principles), and gender may influence this development according to critiques by Carol Gilligan.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Scenario D, without additional context, it is not possible to determine precisely which stage of Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development Lily can be categorized in. Kohlberg's model consists of three main levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. The pre-conventional level is typical of young children and is characterized by an understanding of morality based on consequences and personal rewards. The conventional level, which commonly occurs in adolescence, involves an understanding of societal norms and the importance of following rules. Finally, the post-conventional level, which not everyone reaches, is where morality is understood in more abstract terms and moral principles can supersede concrete rules and laws.
Given the situation described in Scenario D, one would need to know Lily's reasoning behind her moral decision to place her within Kohlberg's stages. If her decision is based on avoiding punishment or seeking a personal gain, it would suggest a pre-conventional stage of development. If her decision is made to maintain social order or to fulfill her duties and obligations, it would indicate a conventional stage. If her decision takes into account universal ethical principles and the balance between laws and individual rights, it would align with the post-conventional stage.
Kohlberg's theory has been critiqued, particularly by Carol Gilligan, who suggested that it may have a gender bias, as it was primarily based on studies with male subjects. Gilligan argued that women might have a different approach to moral reasoning, focusing more on the ethic of care and responsibility in interpersonal relationships, rather than the justice perspective prominent in Kohlberg's theory.