Final answer:
Theories of human development by Cooley, Mead, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan are distinguished. The limitations of applying these theories to different cultures are explored. Freud's theory of personality development is reviewed, along with sociological appreciation and criticisms.
Step-by-step explanation:
Distinguishing Theories of Human Development
Charles H. Cooley's theory of self-concept emphasizes how our understanding of ourselves is influenced by how we believe others perceive us. George H. Mead's theory focuses on the role of social interaction in the development of self. Jean Piaget's theory centers on cognitive development and how our thinking abilities evolve over time. Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan both explore moral development, with Gilligan adding the dimension of gender differences to Kohlberg's theory.
Limitations of Applying These Theories Globally
These theories have mainly been studied and developed within Western cultures, which limits their generalizability to cultures around the globe. Different cultures may have varying social norms and values that can shape human development differently. It is important to consider cultural context when applying these theories to ensure their relevance and validity.
Freud's Theory of Personality Development
Sociologists appreciate Freud's theory for its recognition of the influence of early childhood experiences on personality development. It highlights the role of unconscious processes and the importance of social interactions in shaping one's self. However, critics argue that Freud's theory is too focused on sexual and instinctual drives, neglects the impact of social and cultural factors, and lacks empirical evidence.