Final answer:
Judas Maccabeus's greatest challenge was political leadership, which involved diplomatic and nation-building efforts in addition to military prowess.
Step-by-step explanation:
The greatest challenge faced by Judas Maccabeus was B) Political leadership. Judas Maccabeus was a leader of the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid Empire and was not only a military leader but also had to navigate the complexities of maintaining support among the Jewish people while rebuilding the nation's institutions and restoring the Jewish religion in the face of Hellenistic influences. This required political astuteness, diplomatic negotiations, and the ability to inspire and maintain the loyalty of his followers.