Final answer:
Stephen F. Austin was arrested for treason against the Mexican government in 1833 (D). His arrest was part of the rising tensions that led to the Texas Revolution, which included the Battle of the Alamo and concluded with the Battle of San Jacinto, securing Texas independence as the Lone Star Republic.
Step-by-step explanation:
The individual arrested for treason against the Mexican government in 1833 was Stephen F. Austin. Austin, an empresario, was arrested after attempting to mediate between Texan settlers and the Mexican government, but his efforts were viewed with suspicion, leading to his imprisonment. This incident contributed to the growing tensions between Anglo settlers in Texas and the Mexican government, eventually culminating in the Texas Revolution.
Texans' hopes for independence were dashed when Santa Anna dismissed the Mexican Congress and started centralizing power, leading to an increased military presence in areas such as Anahuac to enforce customs duties. Events like the Battle of Gonzales and the subsequent capture of San Antonio by Anglo-American forces were some of the early conflicts in the Texas Revolution. This struggle for independence featured several key battles and leaders, notably the Battle of the Alamo where defenders such as William B. Travis and James Bowie made their last stand.
The ultimate victory for Texas independence occurred at the Battle of San Jacinto, which led to the creation of the Lone Star Republic. Figures like Sam Houston became prominent during and following the revolution, shaping the future of Texas and its eventual push for annexation to the United States.