Final answer:
Ancient Indian civilization provided significant contributions to urban planning, technology, and spirituality, influencing later cultures and present-day India. The urban design of cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro and the religious and social structures which evolved during the Vedic period have left an enduring legacy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The legacy of ancient India, spanning from the sophisticated urban planning of the Indus Valley Civilization to the formation of enduring religious and social structures, has had a profound influence on contemporary society. The advanced drainage systems, orderly streets, and distinctive bricks made in ovens are testament to India's early urban planning achievements. The ancient cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro served as technological benchmarks with their rich spiritual life and urban societies. Moreover, the Vedic period in India laid the foundation for Hinduism, and the spiritual journey of the Buddha inspired multiple Asian philosophies.
The Mauryan Empire, especially under Ashoka's reign, left a legacy for future rulers. Post the Mauryan Empire, India saw fragmentation into smaller states, but the spread of common cultural elements such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and the Sanskrit texts maintained a unified cultural front. Furthermore, Indian influence was also marked by trade and cultural exchange with civilizations such as Sumer and later Greek-influenced art.
In contemporary times, the caste system and religious beliefs introduced during ancient times still play a substantial role in Indian society, although they have been reformed and challenged over the centuries. The shared cultural heritage of early janapada nations can be traced to modern-day Indian regions, showcasing the continuation of ancient Indian ethnic and social divisions to this day.