Final answer:
Control in organizational management refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and supervision are used to manage employee behavior. This can range from tight control with explicit rules and punitive supervision in a Theory X environment, to a more collaborative and less controlled approach in a Theory Y setting.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question refers to the concept of control within business management and organizational structure. Control, in this context, refers to the degree to which rules, policies, and direct supervision are utilized to manage and oversee employee behavior. In managing organizations, businesses often develop explicit rules, such as those detailed in a university's Student Handbook, which aim to address both traditional and emerging issues like cyberbullying and identity theft. These rules specify the expected behavior and consequences of non-compliance.
Understanding control in business, one must also consider the different management theories. For instance, Theory X and Theory Y - concepts introduced by Douglas McGregor - pertain to contrasting managerial approaches. Theory X managers operate on the assumption that employees inherently dislike work and require close supervision and control, often through a system of rewards and punishments. In contrast, Theory Y managers believe that employees are naturally motivated and productive, favoring a leadership style that encourages collaboration and creativity.
Moreover, control mechanisms can be seen in practice through performance appraisals, such as the 360-degree review system, as well as hierarchical authority structures like those seen in large corporations, where subordinates report to their supervisors who then report further up the chain of command.