Final answer:
In the late-nineteenth century, cities experienced growth in size and spatial expansion; up, out, and apart. People were attracted to the city by employment opportunities and the excitement of city life. Labor unions found it difficult to organize industrial workers due to language barriers, unfamiliarity with organized labor, and racial and gender divisions.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the late-nineteenth century, cities experienced significant growth in terms of size and spatial expansion. This growth occurred in three ways: up, out, and apart. 'Up' refers to the construction of tall buildings like skyscrapers, which allowed cities to expand vertically. 'Out' refers to the expansion of city boundaries as more land was developed for housing and industry. 'Apart' refers to the decentralization of cities as suburbs and commuter towns emerged.
If I had been alive at the time, I might have been attracted to the city by the promise of employment opportunities and the excitement of city life. The cities offered a variety of jobs in the growing industrial sector, which could provide better wages compared to farming. Additionally, the city promised cultural resources, entertainment options, and a bustling social life.
However, there were factors that would have made me consider staying on the farm or returning to it. Living in the city came with drawbacks such as overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, higher cost of living, and pollution. Some individuals may have preferred the simpler and more familiar rural life, enjoying the open spaces, fresh air, and the ability to live closer to nature.
Labor unions found it difficult to organize industrial workers in the late nineteenth century for several reasons. Firstly, the rapid growth of cities and the influx of immigrants made it challenging to establish a common language and cultural ties necessary for effective organization. Language barriers hindered communication and unity among workers.
Secondly, many immigrants and farmers who moved to the cities for work were unfamiliar with the concept of organized labor and the benefits it could provide. They were used to self-reliance and were hesitant to join unions. Lastly, racial and gender divisions within the labor movement, with many unions excluding African Americans and women, weakened the overall strength and solidarity of workers.