Final answer:
Insight is the method among the given options that refers to sudden and often unintentional problem-solving, as it occurs without step-by-step logical thinking.
Step-by-step explanation:
Out of the options presented, insight is a method of solving problems without deliberate and conscious thinking. Insight involves arriving at a solution to a problem through a sudden realization, which often occurs after a period of contemplation. This sudden understanding is typically triggered by an aha moment and does not involve the use of standard problem-solving steps or logical analysis. As opposed to systematically working through problems using strict logical procedures, insight relies on the integration of past experiences and reasoning in a spontaneous way. It is that eureka moment when the solution just comes to you without a step-by-step rational process.