Final answer:
The Greeks and Serbs were among the ethnic groups that gained independence from the Ottoman Empire and established their own nations in the 1800s. Other Balkan territories like Romania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro also achieved autonomy due to the rise of nationalism and the weakening of the Ottoman control. The correct option is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ethnic groups that gained independence from the Ottoman Empire and established nations of their own in the 1800s were the Greeks and Serbs. The Greek War of Independence began in the 1820s, and by 1830, Greece had achieved its autonomy.
Meanwhile, the principalities of Serbia, along with Romania and Bulgaria, followed suit in the latter half of the 19th century as nationalist sentiments grew and the weakened Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain its grip on these territories. Montenegro also attained a de facto independence during this period. The common drive for these movements was the rise of nationalism, where people with shared cultural and historical identities sought to establish their own nations.
Notably, other groups such as the Armenians and Kurds sought independence but did not achieve nation-state status in the 1800s. Bosnia was influenced by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and it, along with Herzegovina, would only later come into play during the Balkan Wars and the onset of World War I. The region remained volatile, with ethnic and religious complexities leading to conflicts, including the wars that resulted in an independent Albania.
The Ottoman provinces of Egypt, Iraq, and Syria also gained higher degrees of independence, each ruled by its own military commanders. The inevitability of the fall of the Ottomans, referred to as "the sick man of Europe," was widely acknowledged by the end of the 19th century, a condition exacerbated by European powers vying for influence over the disintegrating empire.
Hence, Option 1 is correct.