Final answer:
The process that Mann is describing is the Columbian Exchange, which refers to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World.
Option 4.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process that Mann is describing is 4) The Columbian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) and the New World (the Americas) that occurred after Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century.
This exchange had a profound impact on both the Old World and the New World.
It led to the introduction of new crops, such as potatoes and maize, to Europe, and resulted in the spread of diseases, like smallpox, which had devastating effects on indigenous populations in the Americas.
It also facilitated the spread of ideas and cultures, as well as the establishment of colonial empires.